笑看风云

一 |     尼安德特人是已经灭绝的人类亲属，他们一直生活到大约4万年前，在欧亚大陆的大部分地区居住，并与现代人和其他人类如丹尼索瓦人相遇和交融。关于他们作为一个物种如何生活的证据正在积累，但新的研究深入到一个个体社区。

二 |     

More than 1,000 fishing boats take shelter at Ruoshan Fishing Port in Wenling, East China’s Zhejiang Province, on August 5, 2026, as Typhoon Dolphin approaches. Photo: VCG
Provinces including Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong have activated emergency responses and taken preventive measures as Typhoon Dolphin, the 13th typhoon of the year, approaches, potentially bringing strong winds and heavy rain. Dolphin is about to enter the 48-hour warning zone of China and is expected to make landfall along the coastal areas between Zhejiang Province to northern Fujian Province as a typhoon or severe typhoon between Sunday afternoon and Monday Morning, China Central Television (CCTV) reported on Thursday.
Typhoon activity has intensified recently, with Typhoon Dolphin (No.13 of the year), Typhoon Kujira (No.14), and Typhoon Chan-hom (No.15) forming one after another. Kujira has weakened after making landfall in the Philippines, while Chan-hom is unlikely to affect China. Dolphin maintains strong typhoon intensity despite traveling a long journey, and is expected to approach the coast of East China, bringing strong winds and heavy rain, CCTV reported. 
According to Dong Lin, chief forecaster at the National Meteorological Center (NMC), the key characteristics of Typhoon Dolphin are that it formed over distant open waters, has a long lifespan, features a large circulation system, and experiences frequent fluctuations in intensity. 
According to Dong, Typhoon Dolphin formed near the International Date Line, something that has never happened since meteorological records began. Then it moved toward China, and is expected to make landfall at an intensity above the tropical storm level. This makes Typhoon Dolphin an exceptionally rare system.
Typhoon Dolphin was located 1,130 kilometers east of East China’s Zhejiang coasts as of 5 pm on Thursday. Large to very large waves are expected in Zhejiang’s coastal waters, and an orange alert for waves is maintained by the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, according to China’s Ministry of Natural Resources.
Affected by Typhoon Dolphin, rainfall is expected to begin this weekend. The National Meteorological Center has forecast heavy to torrential rains in parts of central and eastern China from Saturday to Wednesday, followed by further downpours in North China, Inner Mongolia, and southern Northeast China from Wednesday to Friday as the typhoon’s remnants interact with cold air. 
China's National Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters and the Ministry of Emergency Management activated a Level IV emergency response for Zhejiang and Fujian provinces on Thursday as Typhoon Dolphin was forecast to bring strong winds and heavy rain to East China, according to CCTV. 
Affected by Typhoon Dolphin, the Zhejiang Provincial flood control and typhoon prevention headquarters decided to adjust the maritime typhoon emergency response to Level IV at 2 pm on Thursday. Due to strong winds over the sea, 21 water passenger transport routes in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, had been suspended as of 3 pm on Thursday, CCTV reported. 
Ningbo in Zhejiang had temporarily shut down all coastal attractions and high-risk marine tourism activities by 6 pm on Thursday due to Typhoon Dolphin. 
Besides, Fujian activated a Level IV typhoon emergency response at 2 pm on Thursday as Typhoon Dolphin is forecast to enter Fujian’s tropical cyclone warning area on Friday and move closer to the East China coast, CCTV reported. 
Fujian has ordered stronger safety management for offshore vessels, marine facilities, and ferry services as Typhoon Dolphin approaches. Coastal areas will reinforce shelter management and prevent people from returning to risky areas, while authorities prepare for heavy rain and wind on land, according to CCTV. 
Guangdong Maritime Safety Administration activated a Level IV tropical cyclone response on Wednesday and imposed traffic controls from 6 pm on Thursday on vessels traveling northward through the southern entrance of the Taiwan Straits, CCTV reported. 
Global Times
。由马克斯-普朗克进化人类学研究所领导的一个研究小组检查了一小群10到20个尼安德特人，他们生活在西伯利亚的Chagyrskaya和Okladnikov洞穴中，距今约54000年。该小组从17具遗骸中提取了DNA，并对其基因组进行了测序。结果发现，这些遗骸来自13个尼安德特人，包括7名男性和6名女性，其中8个是成年人，5个是儿童或青少年。基因组显示，这群人关系密切，似乎在同一时期生活和死亡。该研究的第一作者Laurits Skov说：“他们在同一时间生活的事实是非常令人兴奋的。这意味着他们可能来自同一个社会社区。因此，我们第一次可以利用遗传学来研究尼安德特人社区的社会组织。”在这群人中，研究小组确定了一个十几岁的女性尼安德特人和她的父亲，以及一个小男孩和一个成年女性，后者是他的旁系亲属，像表妹、姨妈等。研究小组还在这些个体的线粒体DNA中发现了共同的异质体--只持续几代的遗传变体，进一步表明了密切的关系。研究小组说，社区之间的遗传多样性极低，表明是一个最多20人的小群体。耐人寻味的是，线粒体DNA的遗传多样性要比Y染色体的多样性高得多--线粒体DNA是专门从一个人的母亲那里继承的--Y染色体是由父亲传给儿子的。这表明，是女性在社区之间移动以与男性伴侣在一起。最近对尼安德特人遗传学的其他研究揭示了对杂交程度、第一代尼安德特人/丹尼索瓦人混血儿以及克罗地亚的一个群体的深入了解，该群体可能是他们灭绝前最后幸存的人群之一。这项新的研究有助于从一个更有亲和力的角度来描绘尼安德特人。

三 | 这项研究的最后一位作者Benjamin Peter说：“我们的研究提供了一幅尼安德特人社区可能是什么样子的具体画面。在我看来，它使尼安德特人看起来更像人类。”这项研究发表在《自然》杂志上。